diff --git a/engine/src/device.cpp b/engine/src/device.cpp
index 61f1257..e909b26 100644
--- a/engine/src/device.cpp
+++ b/engine/src/device.cpp
@@ -86,38 +86,6 @@ Device::~Device() {
   }
 }
 
-Device::Builder& Device::Builder::withWindow(Window& window) {
-  this->window = &window;
-  this->headlessRequested = false;
-  this->modeSet = true;
-  return *this;
-}
-
-Device::Builder& Device::Builder::headless() {
-  this->window = nullptr;
-  this->headlessRequested = true;
-  this->modeSet = true;
-  return *this;
-}
-
-std::unique_ptr<Device> Device::Builder::build() const {
-  if (!this->modeSet) {
-    log::fatal(
-        "failed to build device: neither withWindow() nor headless() was "
-        "called");
-    throw std::runtime_error(
-        "failed to build device: no window/headless mode specified");
-  }
-
-  if (this->headlessRequested) {
-    log::verbose("building headless Device");
-    return std::unique_ptr<Device>(new Device(nullptr));
-  } else {
-    log::verbose("building windowed Device");
-    return std::unique_ptr<Device>(new Device(this->window));
-  }
-}
-
 u32 Device::findMemoryType(u32 typeFilter, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
   vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memoryProperties =
       this->physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();
diff --git a/engine/src/device.hpp b/engine/src/device.hpp
index 5eeeede..3d5a5fb 100644
--- a/engine/src/device.hpp
+++ b/engine/src/device.hpp
@@ -32,13 +32,12 @@ struct SwapchainSupportDetails {
 
 class Device {
  public:
-  class Builder;
-
   Device(const Device&) = delete;
   Device& operator=(const Device&) = delete;
   Device(Device&&) = delete;
   Device& operator=(Device&&) = delete;
 
+  Device(Window* window);
   ~Device();
 
   const vk::Device* get() const {
@@ -87,8 +86,6 @@ class Device {
   vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties properties;
 
  private:
-  Device(Window* window);
-
   void setupDebugMessenger();
 
   bool checkValidationLayerSupport();
@@ -130,19 +127,4 @@ class Device {
   const std::vector<const char*> enabledExtensions;
 };
 
-class Device::Builder {
- public:
-  Builder() = default;
-
-  Builder& withWindow(Window& window);
-  Builder& headless();
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Device> build() const;
-
- private:
-  Window* window = nullptr;
-  bool headlessRequested = false;
-  bool modeSet = false;
-};
-
 }  // namespace sophia